1. Contact me at kgahern@davincipress.com / Friend me on Facebook (kevin.g.ahern)
2. Zazzage littafina na biochemistry kyauta a https://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/biochemistry-free-and-easy
3. Ka ɗauki kwas ɗina na kyauta na iTunes U akan https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/biochemistry/id556410409
4. Duba littafina na kyauta don pre-meds a https://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/biochemistry-free-and-easy
5. Course tashar bidiyo a https://www.youtube.com/user/oharow/videos?view=1
6. A duba duk taron bita na kyauta a https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlnFrNM93wqyTiCLZKehU1Tp8rNmnOWYB&feature=view_all
7. Duba Metabolic Melodies dina a https://www.davincipress.com/metabmelodies.html
8. Ka ɗauki kwasa-kwasana don daraja (duk inda kake da zama) ta hanyar OSU's ecampus. Don cikakkun bayanai, duba https://ecampus.oregonstate.edu/soc/ecatalog/ecourselist.htm?termcode=all&subject=BB
9. Kayan karatu a https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/bb350

Manyan Lakcoci
Makamashi II

1. Hanyoyi masu narkewa (metabolism = halayen sinadarai na sel) yawanci ko dai catabolic (manyan kwayoyin da aka rushe zuwa karami) ko anabolic (kananan kwayoyin da aka gina su cikin manya).

2. Hanyoyi na Catabolic yawanci sun haɗa da iskar shaka da sakin makamashi. Hanyoyin anabolic yawanci sun haɗa da raguwa kuma suna buƙatar makamashi.

3. NAD+ ya sami electrons daga yanayin oxygenation don zama NADH. Masu ɗaukar lantarki suna da mahimmanci don haɓakar ƙwayoyin halitta. FAD yana samun electrons daga amsawar oxygen zuwa zama FADH2.

4. Ga kowane oxidation (asarar electrons) akwai raguwa (samar da electrons). NAD+, NADP+, da FAD ne gama gari masu karɓar electrons. Kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun sune tushen electrons (da kuma masu karɓar electrons, dangane da abin da ya faru).

5. Dole ne a sake yin amfani da masu ɗaukar lantarki a cikin tantanin halitta.

Haɓaka Carbohydrates

1. Carbohydrates sune mahadi masu alaƙa da sukari (wanda ake kira saccharides). Su ne polyhydroxyaldehydes da polyhydroxyketones tare da babban dabarar CnH2nOn (ko da yake akwai keɓancewa). Ana sanya suffix 'ose' a ƙarshen sunan kwayoyin don nuna shi carbohydrate ne. Sugar aldehyde, kamar glucose, don haka aldose ne. Sugar ketone, kamar fructose, shine ketose.

2. Prefixes 'tri', 'tetr', 'pent', 'hex', 'hept', da 'oct' prefixes ne na monosaccharides tare da 3,4,5,6,7, ko 8 carbons, bi da bi. Monosaccharide yana da juzu'in sukari guda ɗaya kawai. Glucose da fructose sune monosaccharides. Sucrose (subunits na glucose DA fructose) shine disaccharide. Glycogen, wanda shine polymer na dubunnan subunits na glucose, shine polysaccharide.

3. Haɗin sunaye yana yiwuwa - fructose shine ketohexose, glucose shine aldohexose, ribose shine aldopentose. Glyceraldehyde shine aldotriose, da sauransu.

4. Cibiyoyin carbon asymmetric suna haifar da stereoismers. D-glyceraldehyde da L-glyceraldehyde hotunan madubi ne na juna. Stereoisomers waɗanda hotunan madubi ne na juna ana kiran su eantiomers. Stereoisomers waɗanda ba hotunan madubi na juna ba ana kiran su diastereomers.

5. Hasashen Fischer shine alamar siffa ta sukari. Ta hanyar al'ada, ana nuna D isomer na sukari ta hanyar hydroxyl a gefen dama a kusa da carbon na ƙasa a cikin tsinkayar Fischer. Sigar L na sukari (kamar L-glucose) ya bambanta da nau'in D nau'in sukari mai suna iri ɗaya (kamar D-glucose) domin su biyun hotunan madubi ne na juna.

6. Geometry na covalent bonds na carbon yana ba da damar zoben mambobi 5 da 6 su fito cikin hanzari a cikin aldoses da ketoses. Tsarin zobe na sukari yawanci ana zana su cikin tsarin Haworth.

7. Samar da zobe ta hanyar sukari yana haifar da sabon carbon asymmetric da ake kira anomeric carbon. Lura cewa carbon anomeric zai kasance koyaushe shine carbon wanda ke da aldehyde na ƙungiyar ketone. Lura kuma cewa lokacin da aka zana rukuni na hydroxyl na carbon anomeric a cikin matsayi na sama, ana kiran shi siffar 'beta', yayin da hydroxyl ke cikin matsayi na ƙasa, ana kiran shi 'alpha'.

8. Ya kamata ku iya zana glucose, fructose, galactose, da ribose a cikin Haworth da Fischer tsinkaya.

9. Rage tsarin aldehye ko ketone na sukari na iya haifar da mahadi kamar sorbitol wanda wasu lokuta ake kira sugar alcohols.