[Latin Name] Epimedium sagittatnm Maxim

[Plant Source] Leaf

[Specification] Icariin 10% 20% 40% 50%

[Appearance] Light yellow fine powder

Plant Part Used: Leaf

[Particle size]80Mesh

[Loss on drying] ≤5.0%

[Heavy Metal] ≤10PPM

[Pesticide residue] EC396-2005, USP 34, EP 8.0, FDA

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Shelf life] 24 Months

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[Net weight] 25kgs/drum

[What is Epimedium?]

Epimedium extract is a popular aphrodisiac supplement and herbal sexual performance enhancer.It has a long history of traditional use in China for the alleviation of erectile dysfunction and for improving libido and fertility.

Also known as Horny Goat Weed, this supplement supposedly got its name after a farmer noticed that his flock of goats were particularly aroused after eating flowers of a specific type. These Epimedium flowers contain icariin, which is a natural compound that increases blood flow to sexual organs and promotes sex drive. Icariin has been found to increase Nitric Oxide synthesis as well as inhibiting the activity of the PDE-5 enzyme

[Icariin in Epimedium Extract]

Epimedium extracts powder contain an active phytochemical called icariin.Icariin has been observed to exhibit a number of useful traits, including renoprotective (liver protecting) hepatoprotective (kidney protecting), cardioprotective (heart protecting) and neuroprotective (brain protecting) effects.

It is also an antioxidant and can cause vasodilation. It exhibits antimicrobial characteristics and is thought to act as an aphrodisiac.

Icariin is classified as a flavonol glycoside, which is a type of flavonoid. Specifically, icariin is the 8-prenyl derivation of kaempferol 3,7-O-diglucoside, a prevalent and important flavonoid.

[Function]

1. Combat mental and physical fatigue;

2. Induce vasodilation and improve circulation;

3. Lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients;

4. Improve symptoms of erectile dysfunction (ED) through its action as a PDE5  inhibitor;

5. Improve the use of free testosterone in the blood;

6. Increase libido;

7. Alleviate symptoms of depression and stimulate improved cognitive function;

8. Protect against neurological degeneration.

Full Title:
Debunking Diet Pills: Investigation of the efficacy and metabolic mechanisms of four widely used weight loss pills

Implications for treatment with weight loss pills:
These findings suggest that weight pills may be used to treat patients with obesity or diabetes, but we suggest the people preferentially turn to dieting and exercise. Although there is evidence that these drugs elicit their purposed responses, they should not be used for prolonged periods of time due to unknown side effects from long term use and the expense of such marketed “quick fixes”.

Each of these drugs have been found to confer various side effects:
Bitter Orange: Since the active ingredient in this compound is a stimulant, there is an increased risk of high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke and fainting. There have also been reports of increased migraine headaches and sun sensitivity.
CLA: Has been found to disturb the gastrointestinal tract and cause fatigue.
Garcinia Cambogia: The active ingredient in this drug has been associated with gastrointestinal upsets, light-headedness and headaches.
Orlistat: This drug commonly changes the normal functioning of the bowels.

Thesis:
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), Bitter Orange, Garcinia Cambogia and Orlistat are weight loss pills that are used by patients with obesity and type II diabetes. Mechanism of action of each of these drugs and their main active ingredients have been determined. CLA is thought to cause an increase in energy expenditure by up-regulating the expression of uncoupling proteins or UCPs and has been found to increase fatty acid B-oxidation in skeletal muscle by enhancing the activity and expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase I or CPT I. The main protoalkaloid in Bitter Orange is p-synephrine and this stimulates B-3 adrenergic receptors, increasing the ability of the body to break down and metabolize carbohydrates in skeletal muscle. Hydroxycitric acid or HCA is the main compound in Garcinia Cambogia, which is a powerful competitive inhibitor of adenosine 5’-triphosphate or ATP citrate lyase and therefore works to reduce the acetyl CoA pool, limiting the availability of two-carbon units required for the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Orlistat is a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor that leads to excretion of ingested fat, decreasing the body’s fat absorption. The purpose of this analysis is to confirm the ability of these pills to confer weight loss by investigating human trials and animal testing. This will help determine if these pills are as efficient as the media makes them out to be and will educate people about the mechanisms behind high profile diet pills.

References:
(1) Alberti, K. G.; Eckel, R. H.; Grundy, S. M.; Zimmet, P. Z.; Cleeman, J. I.; Donato, K. a; Fruchart, J. C.; James, W. P.; Loria, C. M.; Smith  Jr., S. C. Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International. Circulation 2009, 120 (16), 1640–1645.
(2) Kaur, J. A Comprehensive Review on Metabolic Syndrome. Cardiology Research and Practice 2014, 2014.
(3) Grundy, S. M. Pre-Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2012, 59 (7), 635–643.

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