[Latin Name] Salix alba L.

[Plant Source] from China

[Specifications] Salicin 15-98%

[Appearance] Yellow Brown to White powder

Plant Part Used: Bark

[Particle size] 80 Mesh

[Loss on drying] ≤5.0%

[Heavy Metal] ≤10PPM

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Shelf life] 24 Months

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[Net weight] 25kgs/drum

Brief Introduction

Salicin is a naturally occurring compound found in the bark of several species of trees, primarily North American in origin, that are from the willow, poplar, and aspen families. White willow, from whose Latin name, Salix alba, the term salicin is derived, is the most well known source of this compound, but it is found in a number of other trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants as well being synthesized commercially. It is a member of the glucoside family of chemicals and is used as an analgesic and antipyretic. Salicin is used as a precursor for the synthesis of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin.

A colorless, crystalline solid in its pure form, salicin has the chemical formula C13H18O7. Part of its chemical structure is equivalent to the sugar glucose, meaning it is classified as a glucoside. It is soluble, but not strongly so, in water and alcolhol. Salicin has a bitter taste and is a natural analgesic and antipyretic, or fever reducer. In large quantities, it can be toxic, and overdoses may lead to liver and kidney damage. In its raw form, it may be mildly irritating to skin, respiratory organs, and eyes.

Function

1. Salicin is used to ease pain and reduce inflammation.

2. Relieve acute and chronic pain, including headache, back and neck pain, muscle aches, and menstrual cramps; Control arthritis discomforts.

3. Relieve acute and chronic pain.

4. It has the same effect on the body as aspirin without any of the side effects.

5. It is an anti-inflammatory, a fever reducer, an analgesic, an anti-rheumatic, and an astringent. Specifically, it helps to relieve headaches.

Application

1.Anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic,

2.Reduce a fever,

3.Use as an analgesic and astringent,

4.Relieve headache,

5.Ease pain caused by rheumatism, arthritis, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

1. Contact me at kgahern@davincipress.com / Friend me on Facebook (kevin.g.ahern)
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Lecture Highlights
Energy II

1. Metabolic pathways (metabolism = chemical reactions of cells) are usually either catabolic (large molecules broken down to smaller ones) or anabolic (smaller molecules built up into larger ones).

2. Catabolic pathways usually involve oxidation and release energy. Anabolic pathways usually involve reduction and require energy.

3. NAD+ gains electrons from an oxidation reaction to become NADH. Electron carriers are essential for biological oxidations. FAD gains electrons from an oxidation reaction to become FADH2.

4. For every oxidation (loss of electrons) there is a reduction (gain of electrons). NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are common acceptors of electrons. Biological molecules are common sources of electrons (as well as acceptors of electrons, depending on the reaction).

5. Electron carriers must be recycled in the cell.

Highlights Carbohydrates

1. Carbohydrates are sugar-related compounds (also called saccharides). They are polyhydroxyaldehydes and polyhydroxyketones with the general formula CnH2nOn (though there are exceptions). The suffix ‘ose’ is put at the end of a molecular name to indicate it is a carbohydrate. An aldehyde sugar, such as glucose, is thus an aldose. A ketone sugar, such as fructose, is thus a ketose.

2. The prefixes ‘tri’, ‘tetr’, ‘pent’, ‘hex’, ‘hept’, and ‘oct’ are prefixes for monosaccharides with 3,4,5,6,7, or 8 carbons, respectively. A monosaccharide has only one sugar subunit. Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides. Sucrose (subunits of glucose AND fructose) is a disaccharide. Glycogen, which is a polymer of thousands of subunits of glucose, is a polysaccharide.

3. Combinations of the names are possible – fructose is a ketohexose, glucose is an aldohexose, ribose is an aldopentose. Glyceraldehyde is an aldotriose, etc.

4. Asymmetric carbon centers give rise to stereoismers. D-glyceraldehyde and L-glyceraldehyde are mirror images of each other. Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other are called enantiomers. Stereoisomers that are NOT mirror images of each other are called diastereomers.

5. A Fischer projection is a stick figure representation of a sugar. By convention, the D isomer of a sugar is indicated by a hydroxyl on the right side on the next to the bottom carbon in a Fischer projection. The L form of a sugar (like L-glucose) differs from the D form of a sugar of the same name (like D-glucose) in that the two are mirror images of each other.

6. The geometry of covalent bonds of carbon allows 5 and 6 membered rings to readily form in aldoses and ketoses. Ring structures of sugars are commonly drawn in the Haworth format.

7. Formation of a ring by a sugar creates a new asymmetric carbon called an anomeric carbon. Note that the anomeric carbon will ALWAYS be the carbon that had the aldehyde of ketone group. Note also that when the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon is drawn in the up position, it is called the ‘beta’ form, whereas when the hydroxyl is in the down position, it is called ‘alpha’.

8. You should be able to draw glucose, fructose, galactose, and ribose in Haworth and Fischer projections.

9. Reduction of the aldehye or ketone structure of a sugar can lead to compounds like sorbitol that are sometimes called sugar alcohols.

Mikey climbing a coconut tree to harvest some jelly