[Latin Name]  Citrus aurantium L.

[Specification] Synephrine 4.0%–80%

[Appearance] Yellow brown powder

Plant Part Used: Fruit

[Particle size] 80Mesh

[Loss on drying] ≤5.0%

[Heavy Metal] ≤10PPM

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Shelf life] 24 Months

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[Net weight] 25kgs/drum

[What is Citrus Aurantium]

Citrus aurantium L, belonging to the family Rutaceae, is widely distributed in China. Zhishi, the Chinese traditional name for Citrus aurantium, has long been a folk medicine in traditional Chinese medicine (TCMto improve indigestion and help stimulate the Qi (energy force).

[Function]

1. Have the function of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, vasoprotective and anticarcinogenic and cholesterol lowering actions.

2. Have the function of inhibiting following enzymes: Phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase, HMG-CoA reductase and cyclo-oxygenase.

3. Have the function of improving the health of capillaries by reducing the capillary permeability.

4. Have the function of reducing hay fever and other allergic conditions by inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells. The possible activity of hesperidin could be explained by the inhibition of polyamine synthesis. (bitter orange extract)

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Carbohydrates Lecture II Highlights

1. The Haworth form of a sugar is the cyclic form with an anomeric carbon. The Fischer form of a sugar is straight chained.
2. Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
3. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar, whereas lactose is a reducing sugar .
4. Linking together of more than one sugar residues creates higher order saccharides. These include disaccharides (two sugars), trisaccharides (three sugars), oligosaccharides (several sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars).
5. Most of the linkages in higher order saccharides involve glycosidic bonds.
6. Oligosaccharides are components of glycoproteins.
7. The most common polysaccharides include glycogen (energy storage in animals), cellulose (structural integrity in plants), starch (energy storage in plants), chitin (exoskeleton of insects). Starch is comprised of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin.
8. Polysaccharides can be homopolymers (contain only one sugar residue) or heteropolymers (contain more than one sugar residue). Homopolymers include glycogen (glucose in alpha 1-4 linkages plus extensive alpha 1-6 branches), cellulose (glucose in beta 1-4 linkages), amylose (glucose in alpha 1-4 linkages), amylopectin (glucose in alpha 1-4 linkages plus some alpha 1-6 branches), and chitin (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in beta 1-4 linkages).
9. Glycogen is an animal energy storage polysaccharide, amylopectin and amylose combine to form starch, which is a plant energy storage polysaccharide, cellulose is a plant structural polysaccharide, and chitin is a component of insect exoskeletons.
10. The enzyme cellulase is required to digest the beta 1-4 bonds of cellulose. Most animals do not contain cellulase. Ruminants and ungulates contain a bacterium that makes that enzyme.
11. Pectin is a polysaccharide of a modified sugar – galacturonic acid. I incorrectly stated in class that it is a glycosaminoglycan. It is not because it does not contain an amine group. Pectin is used as a thickening agent in foods like jellies.
12. Glycosaminoglycans are polysaccharides that contain either N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylglucosamine as one of their monomeric units. They are polyanionic and have interesting chemical properties, as a result. Examples include chondroitin sulfates and keratan sulfates of connective tissue, dermatan sulfates, heparin, hyaluronic acid, and others.
13. Lectins are proteins that bind to specific carbohydrates. They are called phytohemagluttinins in plants. They are used 1) in the immune system to recognize bacteria non-specifically and 2) by bacteria/viruses to attached to specific structures on the surface of cells to assist in attachment to the cell for the purpose of injecting nucleic acid. The flu virus enters the cell in this way. Exit of the flu virus from cells requires action of an enzyme called neuraminidase and it is this enzyme that is inhibited by the drug Tamiflu. When neuraminidase is inhibited, the flu virus can’t exit the cell and tends to aggregate.
14. The term glycolipids refers to lipids attached to carbohydrates. Common ones include sphingolipids, such as cerebrosides (attachment of one sugar) and gangliosides (attachment of complex carbohydrates).
15. Glycosaminoglycans are polymers of pairs of modified sugars. At least one of the sugars of each pair is negatively charged, such as glucuronic acid, creating a polyanionic compound.
16. Peptidoglycans are created when glycosaminoglycans are attached to peptides.
17. Glycoproteins are proteins attached to oligosaccharides. Attachment of the oligosaccharide is by two methods – N-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins are attached to the R-group amine of asparagine in a protein. This occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. O-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins are attached to the R-group hydroxides of serine/threonine in a protein. This occurs only in the Golgi apparatus.
18. Glycosylation patters of glycoproteins typically have a common core at the point of attachment to the protein and then the exterior oligosaccharide structures vary in composition.
19. Glycoproteins are important in cellular identity – transplant rejection, for example and they determine the various blood types.
20. Hyaluronan is a peptidolglycan (the glycosaminoglycan attached to it is hyaluronic acid) that is important in synovial fluid to lubricate joints.
21. Peptidoglycans and glycosaminoglycans often hava a “slimy” feel to them. Examples include chondroitin sulfate and heparin. Heparin is the material with the highest know density of negative charges arises from having sulfates in the monomers comprising it.

Green Tea Extracts

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Seeking the Most Effective Green Tea Extract

Individuals are normally aiming to get the top green tea extract available in the market. Tea is a major commodity that consumers are ready to pay for top quality products. You will discover that there’s a lot to choose from depending on the relative interests and wellness needs of the individual. The extracts are also derived naturally by most resources to maintain the natural state and nutrient content of the herb. You will discover plenty of health benefits which can be appreciated by people around the globe. It will need some study and comparisons initially for the ideal benefits.

Principal Points to Search For
Firstly, it’s important to learn the basic components of green tea. Tea contains flavonoids, catechins and antioxidants that give green tea its highly beneficial health effects. Between these, EGCG is without doubt the most valuable and powerful component, making it possible for people to boost their immune response and lower cholesterol and blood pressure levels. There are many types of tea in the market and most of these will offer these solutions at a certain degree. As a consumer, you must check and learn more about the qualities in each product. Tea has many great benefits to the heart, cardiovascular system, kidneys, liver and digestive system. The vitamins and minerals present in green tea will be great for daily consumption.

Health benefits
The best green tea extract will provide several benefits to consumers. They can expect increased blood circulation, therefore boosting overall performance. You’ll find also numerous other health benefits including currently being ready to accomplish properly in school or even the business office. According to studies, people who consume tea regularly live longer. The common lifespan extends between 5 to 10 years. The caffeine content in tea enhances psychological functioning. Tea contains a lesser amount of caffeine compared to coffee so people can continue getting all health benefits without having to suffer from lack of sleep and irregular energy spikes due to caffeine.

Prevent Disease
Green tea has organic microorganisms and virus-fighting actions that make it hard for them to cause symptoms and other health problems. People who consume tea have stronger immune systems and can be significantly lower the risks for infections and spread of serious diseases. It is known to reduce the risk for cancer development by as much as 50% to 65% depending on the type. Most common cancers are the breast, prostate, thyroid, lungs and pancreas could be minimized. Consumers are more will likely be protected against arthritis, thyroid problems, diabetes and the like. Even mild indications like fever, cough and colds, flu-like symptoms and lack of energy and concentration can be corrected by drinking green tea on a regular basis. The tea will enhance well-being and prolong life especially if people with incorporate is correct with a balanced lifestyle. Rest adequately, exercise more and eat small extra fat and balanced foods for the most effective results.

Sources
The extract can be acquired from online marketplaces, private suppliers and sellers on the web, pharmacies, health shops and groceries. The prices of the tea will vary according to type, manufacturer and make. Organic and all-natural tea is less expensive compared to other forms due to the fact makers make sure that the quality is always fresh and great-tasting. Getting the product online may give you a hassle-free experience and you can choose from several types available like powders, syrups, capsules and tablets and pay for the items using Paypal or credit card. Shipping will only take a few days depending on your location.

Sign up for numerous forums online and read some content and blogs with regard to different tea extract to be aware of how effectively these will suit your health condition and needs. Tea should be harvested properly and made using only the highest standards. Some suppliers and companies boast of obtaining approval and certification from the governing bodies that prove the healthiness and efficacy of their products. Also check the product for the key components present in tea which will boost your overall health status and stop prevalent health conditions. Ask other members online when they have tried the product and allow them identify the pros and cons accordingly.