[Latin Name] Taraxacum officinale

[Plant Source] from China

[Specifications] Flavones 3%-20%

[Appearance] Brown fine powder

Plant Part Used:Root

[Particle size] 80 Mesh

[Loss on drying] ≤5.0%

[Heavy Metal] ≤10PPM

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Shelf life] 24 Months

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[Net weight] 25kgs/drum

[Function]

(1) It is a general stimulant to the system, but especially to the urinary organs, and is chiefly used in kidney and liver disorders;

(2) Dandelion is also used as a remedy for hemorrhoids, gout, rheumatism, eczema, other skin conditions, and diabetes.

(3) Dandelion is used to treat chronic ulcers, stiff joints, and tuberculosis. It is also used to induce milk production in nursing mothers and to soothe inflamed breast tissue.

[Pharmacological effects]

(1) the antibacterial action: made of injection to extract the dandelion staphylococcus aureus and have strong hemolytic streptococcus pneumoniae, to kill, meningococci, diphtheria bacili, pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus, dysenteric bacili, typhoid bacillus and card he also must kill staphylococcus, fungi, viruses, and some of the leptospira bacterium.

(2)other function. Advantageous bravery,diuresis and bitter soa, mild diarrhea inferior.

[Applications]

Dandelions extract injection, decoction, tablet, syrup, etc for a variety of infection are dampness.the curative effects, including the upper respiratory tract infection and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, contagious hepatitis, urinary tract infection, surgical disorders, surgery, dermatology inflammation and sepsis inflammation, typhoid, biliary feeling, mumps, etc.

Moof’s Medical Biochemistry Video Course: https://moof-university.thinkific.com/courses/medical-biochemistry-for-usmle-step-1-exam

Questions Answered in This Video:

- What are lipids? How are lipids defined?
- Are lipids fats?
- How can lipids be classified? What are the different types or classes of lipids?
- What are the different functions of lipids?
- How do lipids relate or different from the other classes of macromolecules?
- What are the monomers and polymers of lipids?

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Video Content Summary:

In this video, I begin the introduction to lipids, what they are, what kinds there are, and what their functions are.

A common misconception is that lipids are fats. Though fats are lipids, not all lipids are fats. Lipids are defined, essentially, as molecules that are mostly nonpolar or hydrophobic, and, thus, insoluble in water, at least for the most part. Many lipids, however, are amphipathic or amphiphilic because they have some hydrophobic (nonpolar) and some hydrophilic (polar) portions.

The functions of lipids vary widely. Some lipids can store energy and/or be used as fuel. Some make up membranes and are known as membrane lipids. Some can act as hormones, and hormones are signaling molecules. Others are key nutrients, as some vitamins are lipids, though that’s not discussed much in this video or the rest of the videos in this series.

Lipids are set apart from the other classes of macromolecules – carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids – because they do not have monomers or polymers in the way that the other three do. Carbohydrate monomers are monosaccharides, and their polymers are polysaccharides. For proteins, the monomers are amino acids, and the polymers are polypeptides, which can fold and become functional proteins. Nucleic acids have nucleotide monomers, and polynucleotide polymers, which are simply called nucleic acids. With lipids, this set-up isn’t the case. There aren’t any monomeric or polymeric units. This is something that is seen when discussing the specific structures of other lipids in the other videos of this lipid series.

The lipids mentioned in this video are 1) free fatty acids 2) triacylglycerols or triglycerides 3) phospholipids 4) sphingolipid 5) glycolipids 6) steroids. Free fatty acids are the simplest lipid, and they are used for fuel, as they can be broken down for energy via beta oxidation, or they can be created via fatty acid synthesis. Triacylglycerols or triglycerides are two names for the same thing, and they are used for fuel storage — they are a key storage form of energy in cells. Phospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycolipids are all membrane lipids because they all show up are membrane components. Phospholipids have phosphate groups, sphingolipids, have a sphingosine backbone, and glycolipids have sugar moieties attached to them. Steroids, finally, are important in membranes and as hormones or signaling molecules.

Kalmegh [ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA]

Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) is an important medicinal herb in India and it is widely used as hepatoprotective, immunomodulator, anti–inflammatory, anti–malarial, anti-diarrhoeal and with beneficial effect on respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Kalmegh is a bitter annual (perennial, if maintained) herb, erect, 50 cm to 1m. in
height, stem quadrangular, much branched; leaves opposite, short petioled; flowers
in racemes. Fruit capsule linear, oblong or elliptic; seeds about 12 in number, subquadrate,
brownish or creamy yellow.

COMMON NAMES: Kirayat, Hara-chiretta, Kalpnath.

DISTRIBUTION:
It is widely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to Assam,
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

PART USED: Whole plant

CULTIVATION:

Nursery beds under shade-net supported better seedling growth. A shed net with 75% light reduction helped in early production of maximum number of seedlings ready for transplanting which would be helpful in preparedness for early monsoon. Lower soil temperature under shade–net might be one of the reasons for better plant stand and growth. Shade also reduced temperature fluctuation within day time at 1–3 cm soil depth. Mulching of nursery beds helped in conservation of soil moisture for longer period and one irrigation could be saved compared to no–mulching. Hence, nursery beds may be prepared under the 75% shade–net between last week of May and beginning of June with afore mentioned seed rate, spacing and nutrient dose followed by mulching to produce more than 600 and 750 seedlings ready for transplanting from 1m2 area by 35 and 42 days after sowing, respectively.

SOIL AND CLIMATE
It can be cultivated on wide range of soils from loam to lateritic soils with moderate
fertility. It can be cultivated on shady wastelands also.
The climatic requirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample
sunshine. With the onset of monsoon, plant grows luxuriantly and starts flowering
with the moderation in temperature during September. Flowering and fruiting
continues upto December until temperature drops drastically in Northern plains.

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING
Its propagation is through shattered seeds in nature. Vegetative propagation is also
possible in certain special cases through layering as each node is capable of
producing enough roots. Seeds are small and remain dormant for five to six months.
For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10×2 m size should be tilled, pulverized
and levelled during the month of May. Liberal use of organic manure in nursery is
advised for raising healthy seedling. Seeds should be covered by very thin layer of
soil and compost mixture. Beds should be covered properly by suitable mulch and
irrigated regularly with water fountain till seedlings merge (6-7 days).
Immediately after germination, mulch is removed to avoid elongation of the
seedlings. After 10-15 days regular flood irrigation can be given till it becomes ready
for planting.
Transplanting of seedling is done in second fortnight of June at a row and plant
spacing of 45 to 60 cm and 30 to 45 cm respectively. Beds should be irrigated
immediately after planting.

THINNING AND WEEDING
To begin with one or two weeding/hoeing are essential to get the crop established.
After establishment, crop grows well during monsoon and does not face any
competition from weed.

MANURES, FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES
The medicinal plants have to be grown without chemical fertilizers and use of
pesticides. Organic manures like, Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Vermi-Compost, Green
Manure etc. may be used as per requirement of the species. To prevent diseases,
bio-pesticides could be prepared (either single or mixture) from Neem (kernel, seeds
& leaves), Chitrakmool, Dhatura, Cow’s urine etc.

IRRIGATION
Fairly distributed rainfall during monsoon is sufficient to raise annual crop in
Northern states. But prior to rain 2-3 irrigations are required. Irrigation during
autumn does not show much effect on biomass yield as by that time plant is in
reproductive phase.

HARVESTING/POST HARVESTING OPERATION
Maximum herb biomass can be obtained in 90-100 days beyond which leaves start
shedding. If crop is raised as annual crop and planted during the month of May June,
it should be harvested by the end of the September when flowering is initiated. At
the time of flower initiation, active principle andrographolide is high in leaves. Since
the whole plant contains active principles, entire harvested material is dried in shade
and powdered.

YIELD
A well-maintained crop grown during monsoon season yields 3.5 to 4.0 tons of dried
herb per hectare.

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