[Latin Name] Salix alba L.

[Plant Source] from China

[Specifications] Salicin 15-98%

[Appearance] Yellow Brown to White powder

Plant Part Used: Bark

[Particle size] 80 Mesh

[Loss on drying] ≤5.0%

[Heavy Metal] ≤10PPM

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Shelf life] 24 Months

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[Net weight] 25kgs/drum

Brief Introduction

Salicin is a naturally occurring compound found in the bark of several species of trees, primarily North American in origin, that are from the willow, poplar, and aspen families. White willow, from whose Latin name, Salix alba, the term salicin is derived, is the most well known source of this compound, but it is found in a number of other trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants as well being synthesized commercially. It is a member of the glucoside family of chemicals and is used as an analgesic and antipyretic. Salicin is used as a precursor for the synthesis of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin.

A colorless, crystalline solid in its pure form, salicin has the chemical formula C13H18O7. Part of its chemical structure is equivalent to the sugar glucose, meaning it is classified as a glucoside. It is soluble, but not strongly so, in water and alcolhol. Salicin has a bitter taste and is a natural analgesic and antipyretic, or fever reducer. In large quantities, it can be toxic, and overdoses may lead to liver and kidney damage. In its raw form, it may be mildly irritating to skin, respiratory organs, and eyes.

Function

1. Salicin is used to ease pain and reduce inflammation.

2. Relieve acute and chronic pain, including headache, back and neck pain, muscle aches, and menstrual cramps; Control arthritis discomforts.

3. Relieve acute and chronic pain.

4. It has the same effect on the body as aspirin without any of the side effects.

5. It is an anti-inflammatory, a fever reducer, an analgesic, an anti-rheumatic, and an astringent. Specifically, it helps to relieve headaches.

Application

1.Anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic,

2.Reduce a fever,

3.Use as an analgesic and astringent,

4.Relieve headache,

5.Ease pain caused by rheumatism, arthritis, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

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Carbohydrates Lecture II Highlights

1. The Haworth form of a sugar is the cyclic form with an anomeric carbon. The Fischer form of a sugar is straight chained.
2. Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
3. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar, whereas lactose is a reducing sugar .
4. Linking together of more than one sugar residues creates higher order saccharides. These include disaccharides (two sugars), trisaccharides (three sugars), oligosaccharides (several sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars).
5. Most of the linkages in higher order saccharides involve glycosidic bonds.
6. Oligosaccharides are components of glycoproteins.
7. The most common polysaccharides include glycogen (energy storage in animals), cellulose (structural integrity in plants), starch (energy storage in plants), chitin (exoskeleton of insects). Starch is comprised of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin.
8. Polysaccharides can be homopolymers (contain only one sugar residue) or heteropolymers (contain more than one sugar residue). Homopolymers include glycogen (glucose in alpha 1-4 linkages plus extensive alpha 1-6 branches), cellulose (glucose in beta 1-4 linkages), amylose (glucose in alpha 1-4 linkages), amylopectin (glucose in alpha 1-4 linkages plus some alpha 1-6 branches), and chitin (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in beta 1-4 linkages).
9. Glycogen is an animal energy storage polysaccharide, amylopectin and amylose combine to form starch, which is a plant energy storage polysaccharide, cellulose is a plant structural polysaccharide, and chitin is a component of insect exoskeletons.
10. The enzyme cellulase is required to digest the beta 1-4 bonds of cellulose. Most animals do not contain cellulase. Ruminants and ungulates contain a bacterium that makes that enzyme.
11. Pectin is a polysaccharide of a modified sugar – galacturonic acid. I incorrectly stated in class that it is a glycosaminoglycan. It is not because it does not contain an amine group. Pectin is used as a thickening agent in foods like jellies.
12. Glycosaminoglycans are polysaccharides that contain either N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylglucosamine as one of their monomeric units. They are polyanionic and have interesting chemical properties, as a result. Examples include chondroitin sulfates and keratan sulfates of connective tissue, dermatan sulfates, heparin, hyaluronic acid, and others.
13. Lectins are proteins that bind to specific carbohydrates. They are called phytohemagluttinins in plants. They are used 1) in the immune system to recognize bacteria non-specifically and 2) by bacteria/viruses to attached to specific structures on the surface of cells to assist in attachment to the cell for the purpose of injecting nucleic acid. The flu virus enters the cell in this way. Exit of the flu virus from cells requires action of an enzyme called neuraminidase and it is this enzyme that is inhibited by the drug Tamiflu. When neuraminidase is inhibited, the flu virus can’t exit the cell and tends to aggregate.
14. The term glycolipids refers to lipids attached to carbohydrates. Common ones include sphingolipids, such as cerebrosides (attachment of one sugar) and gangliosides (attachment of complex carbohydrates).
15. Glycosaminoglycans are polymers of pairs of modified sugars. At least one of the sugars of each pair is negatively charged, such as glucuronic acid, creating a polyanionic compound.
16. Peptidoglycans are created when glycosaminoglycans are attached to peptides.
17. Glycoproteins are proteins attached to oligosaccharides. Attachment of the oligosaccharide is by two methods – N-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins are attached to the R-group amine of asparagine in a protein. This occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. O-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins are attached to the R-group hydroxides of serine/threonine in a protein. This occurs only in the Golgi apparatus.
18. Glycosylation patters of glycoproteins typically have a common core at the point of attachment to the protein and then the exterior oligosaccharide structures vary in composition.
19. Glycoproteins are important in cellular identity – transplant rejection, for example and they determine the various blood types.
20. Hyaluronan is a peptidolglycan (the glycosaminoglycan attached to it is hyaluronic acid) that is important in synovial fluid to lubricate joints.
21. Peptidoglycans and glycosaminoglycans often hava a “slimy” feel to them. Examples include chondroitin sulfate and heparin. Heparin is the material with the highest know density of negative charges arises from having sulfates in the monomers comprising it.