[Latin Name] Cinnamomun camphcra

[Plant Source] It is extracted from Ginkgo Biloba Leaf.

[Specifications]

1, Ginkgo Biloba Extract 24/6

Total Ginkgo flavone glycosides 24%

Total terpene lactones 6%

2, Ginkgo Biloba Extract 24/6

Total Ginkgo flavone glycosides 24%

Total terpene lactones 6%

Ginkgolic acid 5ppm

3,CP2005

Total Ginkgo flavone glycosides 24%

Quercatin: kaemperol 0.8–1.5

Total terpene lactones 6%

Ginkgolic acid <5ppm

4.Germany Standard

Total Ginkgo Flavone Glycosides 22.0%-27%

Total Terpene Lactones 5.0%-7.0%

Bilobalides 2.6%-3.2%

Ginkgolic acid <1ppm

5.Water-Soluble Ginkgo Biloba Extract 24/6

Water Solubility: 5g Ginkgo Biloba Extract will be dissolved completely in 100g water

Total Ginkgo Flavone Glycosides 24.0%

Total Terpene Lactones 6.0%

Ginkgolic acid <5.0ppm

[Appearance] Light yellow fine powder

[Particle size] 80 Mesh

[Loss on drying] £ 5.0%

[Heavy Metal] £10PPM

[Extract solvents] Ethanol

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[Function]

Expanding blood vessel, resisting insufficient blood and oxygen deficit, increasing blood flow, improving cerebral arteries and distal

blood flow. Promoting cerebral circulation metabolism, improving memory function, resisting depression, resisting lipidic overoxidation,

protecting liver damage.

In clinic, curing high blood pressure, hyperlipoidemia, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, arterial sclerosis, cerebral embolism,

senile dementia, primary and periodic dropsy, acute drumming in the ears, epicophosis, a variety of body function in disorder, dizziness

and so on.

1. Contact me at kgahern@davincipress.com / Friend me on Facebook (kevin.g.ahern)
2. Download my free biochemistry book at https://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/biochemistry-free-and-easy
3. Take my free iTunes U course at https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/biochemistry/id556410409
4. Check out my free book for pre-meds at https://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/biochemistry-free-and-easy
5. Course video channel at https://www.youtube.com/user/oharow/videos?view=1
6. Check out all of my free workshops at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlnFrNM93wqyTiCLZKehU1Tp8rNmnOWYB&feature=view_all
7. Check out my Metabolic Melodies at https://www.davincipress.com/metabmelodies.html
8. Take my courses for credit (wherever you live) via OSU’s ecampus. For details, see https://ecampus.oregonstate.edu/soc/ecatalog/ecourselist.htm?termcode=all&subject=BB
9. Course materials at https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/bb350

Lecture Highlights
Energy II

1. Metabolic pathways (metabolism = chemical reactions of cells) are usually either catabolic (large molecules broken down to smaller ones) or anabolic (smaller molecules built up into larger ones).

2. Catabolic pathways usually involve oxidation and release energy. Anabolic pathways usually involve reduction and require energy.

3. NAD+ gains electrons from an oxidation reaction to become NADH. Electron carriers are essential for biological oxidations. FAD gains electrons from an oxidation reaction to become FADH2.

4. For every oxidation (loss of electrons) there is a reduction (gain of electrons). NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are common acceptors of electrons. Biological molecules are common sources of electrons (as well as acceptors of electrons, depending on the reaction).

5. Electron carriers must be recycled in the cell.

Highlights Carbohydrates

1. Carbohydrates are sugar-related compounds (also called saccharides). They are polyhydroxyaldehydes and polyhydroxyketones with the general formula CnH2nOn (though there are exceptions). The suffix ‘ose’ is put at the end of a molecular name to indicate it is a carbohydrate. An aldehyde sugar, such as glucose, is thus an aldose. A ketone sugar, such as fructose, is thus a ketose.

2. The prefixes ‘tri’, ‘tetr’, ‘pent’, ‘hex’, ‘hept’, and ‘oct’ are prefixes for monosaccharides with 3,4,5,6,7, or 8 carbons, respectively. A monosaccharide has only one sugar subunit. Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides. Sucrose (subunits of glucose AND fructose) is a disaccharide. Glycogen, which is a polymer of thousands of subunits of glucose, is a polysaccharide.

3. Combinations of the names are possible – fructose is a ketohexose, glucose is an aldohexose, ribose is an aldopentose. Glyceraldehyde is an aldotriose, etc.

4. Asymmetric carbon centers give rise to stereoismers. D-glyceraldehyde and L-glyceraldehyde are mirror images of each other. Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other are called enantiomers. Stereoisomers that are NOT mirror images of each other are called diastereomers.

5. A Fischer projection is a stick figure representation of a sugar. By convention, the D isomer of a sugar is indicated by a hydroxyl on the right side on the next to the bottom carbon in a Fischer projection. The L form of a sugar (like L-glucose) differs from the D form of a sugar of the same name (like D-glucose) in that the two are mirror images of each other.

6. The geometry of covalent bonds of carbon allows 5 and 6 membered rings to readily form in aldoses and ketoses. Ring structures of sugars are commonly drawn in the Haworth format.

7. Formation of a ring by a sugar creates a new asymmetric carbon called an anomeric carbon. Note that the anomeric carbon will ALWAYS be the carbon that had the aldehyde of ketone group. Note also that when the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon is drawn in the up position, it is called the ‘beta’ form, whereas when the hydroxyl is in the down position, it is called ‘alpha’.

8. You should be able to draw glucose, fructose, galactose, and ribose in Haworth and Fischer projections.

9. Reduction of the aldehye or ketone structure of a sugar can lead to compounds like sorbitol that are sometimes called sugar alcohols.

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