[Latin Name] Hypericum perforatum

[Plant Source] From China

[Appearance] Brown fine powder

[Specifications] 0.3% Hypericin

[Particle size] 80 Mesh

[Loss on drying] ≤5.0%

[Heavy Metal] ≤10PPM

[Pesticide residue] EC396-2005, USP 34, EP 8.0, FDA

[Storage] Store in cool & dry area, keep away from the direct light and heat.

[Package] Packed in paper-drums and two plastic-bags inside.

[What is St. John's wort]

St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) has a history of use as a medicine dating back to ancient Greece, where it was used for a range of illnesses, including various nervous disorders. St. John’s wort also has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiviral properties. Because of its anti-inflammatory properties, it has been applied to the skin to help heal wounds and burns. St. John’s wort is one of the most commonly purchased herbal products in the United States.

In recent years, St. John’s wort has been studied extensively as a treatment for depression. Most studies show that St. John’s wort may help treat mild-to-moderate depression, and has fewer side effects than most other prescription antidepressants.

[Functions]

1. Anti-depressive and sedative properties;

2. Effective remedy for the nervous system, relaxing tension, and anxiety and lifting the spirits;

3. Anti-inflammatory

4. Improve capillary circulation

“Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy” is an inheritable glycogen storage disease of horses that causes exertional rhabdomyolysis. It is most commonly associated with heavy horse breeds and the American Quarter Horse. While incurable, PSSM can be managed with appropriate diet and exercise. There are currently 2 subtypes, known as Type 1 PSSM and Type 2 PSSM.

Glycogen is a molecular polymer of glucose used to store energy, and is important for maintaining glucose hemostasis in the blood, as well as for providing energy for skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle contraction. Molecules of glucose are linked into linear chains by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Additionally, branches of glucose are formed off of the chain by α-1,6-glycosidic bonds. 2 molecules of glucose are joined into an α-1,4-glycosidic bonds by an enzyme known as glycogen synthase. This bond may be broken by amylase when the body wishes to break down glycogen into glucose for energy. Glycogen branching enzyme is responsible for the required α-1,6-glycosidic bonds needed to start a branch off of these linear chains.

Any disruption to this system results in a glycogen storage disease. There are currently 3 subcategories of glycogen storage diseases in horses: Type 1 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy, Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency , and Type 2 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy.

Type 1 PSSM is caused by an autosomal dominant genetic mutation known as GSY1. This mutation causes an up-regulation of glycogen synthase, and high levels of glycogen synthase relative to glycogen branching enzyme . This altered ratio of glycogen synthase to GBE results in glycogen molecules with long chains and few branches, making these molecules somewhat amylase resistant. The GSY1 mutation is associated with altered glucose metabolism , as well as accumulation of high levels of glycogen and abnormal polysaccharide in the muscles of the horse. Additionally, some horses have been shown to have insulin sensitivity, which improves glucose uptake by muscle cells and contributes to excessive glycogen storage that is already elevated secondary to the GSY1 mutation.

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In this video I discuss what are complex carbohydrates, and some foods that contain them. I also discuss what is starch food, and I cover some starchy foods. I also look at what are polysaccharides, and what are oligosaccharides, and how some oligosaccharides are prebiotic foods.

Transcript (partial with notes).

What are complex carbohydrates?

Complex carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides, or simple sugar molecules, not the table sugar that might come to mind, and these molecules are joined together to form long chains. There are mainly two classifications of complex carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Oligosaccharides consist of 3 to 10 simple sugars joined together such as fructo-oligosaccharides which consist of a short chain of fructose molecules. Most oligosaccharides are not digested in the body because we lack an enzyme to break them down, meaning that some of them are a form of fiber.

Some forms of oligosaccharides act as a prebiotic, which means they promote the growth of good gut bacteria. Foods that contain oligosaccharides include chicory root, artichokes, onions, garlic and asparagus.

Polysaccharides consist of more than 10 simple sugars joined together. Starch and cellulose are 2 of the main polysaccharides. Starch consists of many glucose molecules joined together, and the body can break them down and use the glucose for energy. Starchy foods include potatoes, rice, wheat, and corn.

Cellulose also consists of many bonded glucose units, however their bond are different that starches, and the body cannot break them down. So, cellulose is a form of fiber.

Cellulose fiber helps remove waste from the body and it can also bind to excess cholesterol and sugar in the intestines and remove them in solid waste. Foods high in cellulose include fruits, veggies, grains and nuts.

Complex carbohydrates are digested more slowly than simple carbs, as it takes the body longer to break them down, and their fiber content naturally slows digestion, making you feel fuller.